Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God by Jonathan Edwards

â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God† was written by theologian Jonathan Edwards and is considered to be one of the most famous of all sermons because it is a common topic of debate for many people (who are in a religious setting). But, I am compelled to consider that there could be more to Edwards’ legacy and purpose than meets the eye. Jonathan Edwards was the son of a minister and a highly intelligent, willful mother (Griffin, 2007). Edwards was known for being an intellectual and profound speaker. Because he was highly intellectual, I can imagine that he had very firm opinions and ideas about the way things operated, including how the government ran the country. Edwards’ message in, â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God† was preached in a religious climate during the era of the Great Awakening. The Great Awakening preceded the American Revolution, an era when American’s fought against political issues such as high taxes, demanding their freedom and independence (Wikipedia, 2014) . The idea of an awakening implies a slumber or passivity during secular or less religious times. However, this can be applied to a non-religious context. I propose that â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God† be examined from the perspective of compelling people to consider their weaknesses and insufficiencies (along with the insufficiencies of others) in order to encourage them to equality, and removing social hierarchy and fear. From that perspective, â€Å"Sinners in the HandsShow MoreRelatedJonathan Edwards And Sinners In The Hands Of An Angry God1936 Words   |  8 Pagesglorify God while we are living our lives. Fo r over a thousand years God’s word has been preached by many faithful men who follow Him. However, there were some of those faithful men who used God’s Word and their own improvisation to convict sinners and to put their trust in God. Those times resulted in an era called the Great Awakening of the 18th century and they also put an end to the segregation era of the 20th century. Two of the faithful men during those eras were Jonathan Edwards and MartinRead MoreJonathan Edwards Essay Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God2232 Words   |  9 PagesSinners in the Hands of an Angry God Rhetorical Analysis Essay Jonathan Edwards, a famous preacher in pre-colonial times, composed a sermon that was driven to alert and inject neo Puritanical fear into an eighteenth century congregation. This Bible based and serious audience sought after religious instruction and enlightenment. Through the sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, Edwards offers a very harsh interpretation to humankind. Edwards utilizes various rhetorical techniques toRead MoreSinners in the Hands of an Angry God by Jonathan Edwards Essay647 Words   |  3 PagesSinners in the Hands of an Angry God by Jonathan Edwards Jonathan Edwards grew up in an atmosphere of strict puritan discipline. He became a very religious and devout believer at an early age, and excelled in academics, entering Yale University at the age of thirteen. Many years later he became the pastor of a church that grew with his teachings. His lifestyle reflected his teachings and was a well respected man. His sermons spoke directly at many people and he impactedRead More Use of Rhetoric in Jonathan Edwards Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God570 Words   |  3 PagesJuly 8th 1741, Jonathan Edwards preached the sermon â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God† in Enfield, Connecticut. Edwards states to his listeners that God does not lack in power, and that people have yet not fallen to destruction because his mercy. God is so forgiving that he gives his people an opportunity to repent and change their ways before it was too late. Edwards urges that the possibility of damnation is immanent. Also that it urgently requires the considerations of the sinner before timeRead MoreAnalysis Of Jonathan Edwards s Sinners The Hands Of An Angry God 1376 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,† Jonathan Edwards , main purpose was to scare the audience and tell them that they are doomed to spend their lives suffering from God s wrath in hell. His sermons were intended as a wake-up cal l for those who underplayed the majesty of a holy God and overemphasized their own worthiness as a decent, hard-working, successful citizens. Edwards believed strongly that only a genuine conversion experience should qualify a person for church membershipRead MoreSinners in the Hands of an Angry God Essay972 Words   |  4 PagesOutline 1. Introduction a. Hook - â€Å"Unconverted men walk over the pit of hell on a rotten covering.† ( A quote from Jonathan Edwards’ â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God†) b. Thesis – Jonathan Edwards’s sermon portrayed Puritans as sinners of their religion through the use of rhetorical strategies such as ethos, pathos, and logos. 2. Body Points c. Body 1 i. Topic Sentence - Ethos is referred to as the trustworthiness or credibility of the speaker and theirRead MoreSinners In The Hands Of An Angry God Analysis1034 Words   |  5 PagesPuritan author Jonathan Edwards was most well known for his sermon, â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God†, in which he vividly described the hell waiting for all sinners. Edwards used fear tactics to get listeners to abide with what he was preaching. Jonathan Edwards uses repetition and imagery to get his point across in â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God†. The most common tool used by Edwards to frighten people into believing what he was saying was repetition. Jonathan Edwards was trying toRead More Jonathan Edwards Sinnners in the Hands of An Angry God Essay1030 Words   |  5 PagesJonathan Edwards Sinnners in the Hands of An Angry God Jonathan Edwards delivered his sermon, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, in Enfield Connecticut on July 8, 1741, the year following George Whitefields preaching tour which helped inspire the Great Awakening. Weeping and emotional conviction among Edwards’ audiences came at a time of great spiritual thirst. While very foreign to mainstream American opinion today, this extraordinary message was fashioned for a people who were veryRead MoreComparing Edwards Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God and Patrick Henrys Speech in the Virginia Convention: Who Made the Best Argument?739 Words   |  3 PagesJonathan Edwards creates a more effective argument for the intended audience in â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God† than â€Å"The Speech in the Virginia Convention† written by Patrick Henry, by utilizing various techniques. Patrick Henry makes a strong argument however in the end, Edwards’ sermon grows to be more effective. Edwards creates the argu ment by strengthening the writing through tone, structure, fallacies and knowledge of the congregation that became his audience. Henry’s piece uses methodsRead MoreGod’s Unconditional Love vs. God’s Unending Anger Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone must accept God as their savior or they will go to hell. This is a very familiar message that is preached by Christian religious leaders in places of worship around the world. As simple as this message may seem, the way it is delivered to the people makes all the difference in either turning them into believers, or scaring them away from religion altogether. John Winthrop and Jonathan Edwards were both religious leaders that lived centuries before the present time. They shared the same

Should College Athletes Get Paid Essay - 1184 Words

Today there are a lot of big questions in this world about one specific topic. The answer is even more important than maybe half of the questions, but there isn’t a correct answer to this question. It’s a belief and what you think question. This question is paid attention to by a lot of high school student athletes, but not only high school athletes but current college athletes. This question is maybe one of the reasons why a lot of college athletes leave college and go to the pros after just one year in college. The question is â€Å"should college athletes get paid?† A lot of people reading this right now have different opinions and views on this, and the question itself just pops. Well first I think college athletes getting paid would†¦show more content†¦Especially the big main sports such as football and basketball. The school has a lot of radio, TV, and newspaper deals that also bring money to them. You have to think about the people who canâ€℠¢t always watch the game, they can hear it. Not only do they have those contracts, but you got to remember when the actual games start and there at the big stadium or dome. The revenue for one game is over 10,000 to 20,000 people just for one game. They have prices for food, beverages, stuffed dolls, programs, and souvenir, that a lot of that 10-20,000 buy at all the games. This is very messed up because most of the souvenirs are the current player’s jersey with their number on it, but the jersey doesn’t have their name on the back of it, just their number. The jersey makes the sale with or without the players name on it and none of the players get a cut of any type of money. So the players just worked their buts off since JFL just to get to college and get not even a couple dollars. â€Å"Don’t get me wrong, it’s an unbelievable organization – but in some way they’re taking advantage of college athletes that sign their name into a certain school.† â€Å"When I was (at Alabama) in ’09, I think revenue when we won the national championship that year was like $62 million. And when we won it in New Orleans (in 2011), it was like $78 million. Then when we beat (Notre Dame in 2012), it was like $92 million.† (Mitrosilis) Every kid who everShow MoreRelatedShould College Athletes Get Paid?1338 Words   |  6 Pages13,2016 Should College Athletes Get Paid College sports are something that everyone has thought about, and many question whether or not they should get paid for it. Many Americans question whether or not it is right or wrong to pay college athletes to play sports. College athletes deal with a lot, from balancing classes to long practices in the evening. College is supposed to be a time when some individual figures out what he or she wants to do, but not for athletes. Most college athletes go to collegeRead MoreShould College Athletes Get Paid?853 Words   |  4 PagesShould College Athletes Really Get Paid? The question whether â€Å"If college athletes should get paid or not?† has been debated for many years. The debate is brought up every year during the NCAA men’s basketball, March Madness competition, and starts again when football season begins. College athletes do provide entertainment for sports fans, but all the benefits that they do receive should limit them from being paid. The benefits student athletes obtain is free tuition, health coverage, and an openedRead MoreShould College Athletes Get Paid?1742 Words   |  7 PagesShould College Athletes Get Paid? Should college athletes be paid? This has been a controversial topic ever since college sports started. Many people argue that they should. Many people argue that they should not. College athletes should get paid because they work extremely hard playing their sport. The people that say they should be paid argue that the amount of time athletes dedicate is equivalent to a full-time job, and maybe even more. The people that say they should not get paid argue that collegeRead MoreShould College Athletes Get Paid?1196 Words   |  5 Pagesa huge debate on whether or not college athletes should be paid. For years now college athletes have gone out and performed on national television, working hard to make it to the next level. They have given it there all, and not only that, the athletes bring in about $11 billion in annual revenue from college sports. Now days, sports is a business, and college sports are the same. Division 1 college sports provide a lot of income for the universities. Many athletes receive scholarships and a littleRead MoreShould College Athletes Get Paid?999 Words   |  4 PagesPlaying a college sport today is not just fun anymore. College sports are becoming a business and the athletes are the workers. The money some sports programs make from ticket sales, concessions, and media exposure is tremendous. Students playing sports are the ones people pay money to watch, so do the colleges not pay the athletes since they are the ones that bring in the money. They train year around to make themselves and their team better but what do they see for all of this hard work and dedicationRead MoreShould College Athletes Get Paid1503 Words   |  7 PagesTrey P. Ragas Mr. Derm English 4 21 April 2016 Should College Athletes Get Paid In the course of recent decades, school sports have increased enormous ubiquity over the United States. Whether it be football, ball, or hockey, since the time that the turn of the century, intercollegiate games have acquired an overflow of income to their separate Universities, and in addition expanding the fame of the College s notoriety. For instance, in a study directed by the Orlando Sentinel, it wasRead MoreShould College Athletes Get Paid?793 Words   |  4 Pagesscholarships given to college athletes are not sufficient enough to sustain them throughout the year, which is why I believe they should get paid and receive benefits. Student athletes, especially football and basketball players, play a major role in generating revenue for schools, businesses, coaches and the players do not see a penny. College athletes often do not have money in their pockets for extra food, clothes, housing and extracurricular activities. They also can potentially get dropped from theirR ead MoreShould College Athletes Get Paid?942 Words   |  4 Pagespopularity of college basketball and football keeps increasing each sport season. These sports bring in millions of dollars towards there universities every year. Are these universities ripping these athletes off? Should college athletes get paid? They risk their bodies to bring money for their school. While college athletics bring money toward their schools, paying athletes would change the main role of the university which is to get an education. Athletes forget that they are student-athletes. It seemsRead MoreCollege Athletes Should Get Paid1749 Words   |  7 PagesCollege athletes should get paid Imagine working day in and day out every day to meet academic standards and trying to keep your level of play competitive up. That’s what college athletes go through every day. College athletes have gained immense popularity over the past few decades. The NCAA took advantage of this and made billions of dollars off college athletics According to USA Today, the NCAA last season the NCAA made over $845 Billion dollars in revenue from games, merchandise sales, televisionRead MoreShould College Athletes Get Paid?2214 Words   |  9 Pages Jasmine Arenas College Athletics: Should college athletes get paid? Over the years, we have seen colleges and universities benefit extremely from their sports programs. Every year a great team brings tremendous amounts of revenue for their university. However, as these universities increase their finances, their athletes are falling behind financially, academically, socially and personally creating a huge burden upon them. College/university athletes practically work overtime for their academic

Operations and System Management of a Car Garage Free Essays

string(54) " there are some objectives that Powell’s are lower\." OBSM Coursework Assessment – Element One Powell’s Garage Report Introduction The following report will be researching into a small garage named Powell’s, located in Illogan, Cornwall. Powell’s garage is a family business that was established in 1953. This organisation offers a range of services and products, including MOT’s, tyre replacement and full car servicing. We will write a custom essay sample on Operations and System Management of a Car Garage or any similar topic only for you Order Now Primary research will be used in order to gain data in order to examine specific factors in Powell’s garage. Slack et al. ’s five performance objectives will display which ways the organisation is thriving and in which ways they are failing. Looking at the design capacity, effective capacity and actual outputs will give an overview of how well they are using their resources within the organisation. Finally, by calculating the organisation’s capability index, a specific operation can be explored in order to highlight the reliability of the service and whether there is any potential room for improvement. Five Performance Objectives Slack et al (2004) states that there are five performance objectives that can evaluate performance of an operation. The first of these being cost, this is the ability to produce at a low cost. By pricing goods and services appropriately to the market, customers will always be attracted and it will allow for a good return to the company. Powell’s have a few competitor garages surrounding them, therefore pricing is a very important aspect of the organisation as they must keep it low enough to rival other garages, but high enough to ensure profit from their services. Quality is another performance objective and this is the ability to produce in accordance with the specifications without error. This will ensure full customer satisfaction and a high-quality reputation. It is essential that Powell’s provide a premium service as not only does it guarantee safety for their customers, but it gives them an advantage over competitors. Dependability is the ability to produce goods and services in accordance to the promises made to the customer. This could include a time deadline that the service needs to be completed by, therefore Powell’s must ensure that they fulfil any tasks given by customers’ and remain reliable or a bad reputation could circulate, resulting in less business. The ability to do things quickly in response to the customer’s demands is known as speed. This should also reduce time between orders from the customer and when they receive it again. Being a busy garage means that Powell’s must complete services as quickly as possible in order to keep up with the level of demand they receive. If this is not met, customers’ could use another organisation that can offer a quick service. Finally, the last performance objective from Slack et al. is flexibility. This is the ability to change the operation in a variety of ways. This therefore means that Powell’s must offer a wide variety of goods and services in order to fit with any customer needs and keep the amount of business high. These five performance objectives can also be linked, and these links mean that an organisation can excel in certain operations and compete with other organisations. For example, quality reduces cost and increases dependability. High quality therefore means fewer mistakes made in the operation, this leads to a reduced amount of time needed to correct any errors, and less time spent on the operation means reduced cost. This results in the customer being satisfied with the service. It will also more than likely mean they will feel confident using the organisation and will return for future business. From using primary research to study Powell’s garage, it is noticeable that quality is the most vital objective to ensure its success in their marketplace. Through questionnaires, shown as Appendix 1, and interviews with customers and within the organisation; it is quality that is the most prominent feature of Powell’s garage. This organisation deals with motor vehicles, which makes it crucial that the main priority of their services is to provide high-quality results or else the customer’s safety is at risk. The following polar diagram demonstrates the customer’s view and the manager’s view on Powell’s services and products according to Slack et al. ’s five performance objectives theory. The customer’s view is an average calculated from 20 questionnaires that were completed by customers. The manager’s view is a combined result from the two managers that work at Powell’s. As shown above, the manager’s view is quite different to that of the customers. The customers did not rate the garage as high as the manager’s but there is an agreement on the speed of the operation. Powell’s garage has two major competitors in the area that offer similar services. In order to ensure that this organisation has the edge over them, it is essential to investigate what is regarded as important by their customers and how each garage provides that service. Perceived user value (Bowman, 1998), is the best method to show customer’s opinions on the services of the three garages and will also include objectives that are not included in Slack et al. ’s theory. The two garages that are geographically closest to Powell’s are K W Autos and J K Motors. The customers were asked to rate the objectives of the garage from 0 to 10 on a questionnaire (Appendix 2), these figures were then made into an average and shown in the following table. Objective| Powell’s | K W Autos| J K Motors| Speed| 8| 8| 7| Quality| 8| 7| 7| Cost| 7| 6| 7| Dependability| 7| 8| 6| Flexibility| 7| 7| 7| Quality of Facilities| 8| 6| 5| Courtesy of Staff| 9| 6| 6| Working Hours| 7| 7| 8| The data collected from the customers was then put into a graph to demonstrate the differences between the garages more clearly. From these figures, it is clear to see that Powell’s has an overall higher rating than its competitors. Although this is very positive, there are some objectives that Powell’s are lower. You read "Operations and System Management of a Car Garage" in category "Papers" These are the operations that need to be targeted and improved in order to guarantee that K W Autos and J K Motors do not overtake Powell’s in their sales. Capacity The definition of the capacity of an operation is â€Å"the maximum level of value-added activity over a period of time that the process can achieve under normal operating conditions† (Slack et al. 2001, p. 338). Regarding this report, there are two types of capacity that are useful to Powell’s garage; design capacity and effective capacity. Design capacity is â€Å"the capacity to which its technical designers had in mind when they commissioned the operation† (Slack et al. 2001, p. 335). Effective capacity is simply design capacity minus planned loss. Therefore it is what the operation actually runs like. The capacity of Powell’s garage is simply the amount of motor vehicles that can be held in the garage at one time. Powell’s garage has a total of 7 vehicle ramps within the garage; however, 2 of these ramps are designated specifically for MOT servicing. Therefore, altogether, Powell’s can have 8 cars in its premises at one time. In terms of capacity processing, on average, Powell’s can see between 30 and 40 vehicles a week. Although, there are weeks in which it can exceed this and also weeks in which not as many vehicles pass through. Powell’s employ 6 full time mechanics; however, there are always 2 mechanics on the MOT ramps as it always full. This therefore leaves 4 full time mechanics working on 5 ramps for servicing. Straight away, understaffing is the obvious main capacity constraint, as if the garage is completely full, they do not have enough staff to service the vehicles. This would therefore be a planned loss of the organisation. Other planned losses would be mostly time consuming, for example, waiting for vehicle parts to arrive, working hours and waiting for customers to collect their car. As stated before, effective capacity is how the operation actually runs; therefore the everyday realities of a production line will contain something to slow it down. For example, staff breaks, power cuts and maintenance to tools and equipment. Powell’s design capacity (excluding the MOT services) in their garage would be for 5 vehicles to be serviced. However, there are only 4 mechanics available at one time. This means that their effective capacity is 80% of its design capacity. These losses are unavoidable but it results in Powell’s output to be reduced by 20% of what it could have. Actual output is simply effective capacity minus avoidable loss. This is essentially what is produced by the operation when the planned losses and avoidable are taken into account. Avoidable losses include mechanical failure, lighting failure or poorly trained staff. Actual output is therefore much less than the design capacity. It can only be predicted, but this would be estimated around 50%. The following diagram displays the losses against the design capacity and shows how the actual output is calculated. A ‘bottleneck’ is a micro-operation or operations that cause a process to slow down and causes output to take longer. Powell’s main bottleneck is the fact that they are understaffed. However, there are more constraints that prevent operations, these include the type of repair that the car will need, the availability of parts needed to complete the service and working hours. These all affect the processes in the organisation. Capability Index This measures the capability of an operation process within an organisation. This capability index will measure the time any operation can take regarding the services that Powell’s offers. The capability index should give the result as being greater than 1 as this will mean that Powell’s is reliable and capable. However, if the results show that the capability is less than 1, it will prove that Powell’s servicing is incapable and unreliable. The tables below show the amount of time spent servicing vehicles over one month in Powell’s garage. This was recorded from observation and from staff records. Weekly updates allowed a gradual build up of data which could then be grouped to calculate the capability index. Servicing Times| | | 30 minutes| 1 hour| 1 day| 1 hr 30 mins| 1 day| 5 hours| 45 minutes| 3 days| 30 minutes| hours| 6 days| 5 days| 1 day| 2 days| 3 days| 4 days| 3 days| 1 hour| 4 hours| 3 hours| 5 days| 2 days| 1 day| 2 hours| 2 days| 3 days| 6 days| 7 days| 30 minutes| 4 days| Servicing Times| Number of Customers| ;1 Hour| 4| 1 hour – 1 day| 8| 1 – 2 days| 4| 2 – 3 days| 3| 3 – 4 days| 4| 4 – 5 days| 2| 5 – 6 days| 2| 6; days| 3| Capability Index is calculated using the following formula: Cp = USL – LSL 6? Key Cp = Capability Index USL = Upper Specification Limit LSL = Lower Specification Limit ? = Standard Deviation From the data collected above, the USL will be 7 days and the LSL will be 0. 05 as it is in minutes. Cp = 7 – 0. 05 6? Standard Deviation was calculated using all the data collected. In this instance, 1 hour would be 0. 1 and 1 day would be 1. Standard Deviation = 2. 083849 Cp = 7 – 0. 05 6 x 2. 083849 Cp = 6. 95 12. 503094 Cp = 0. 5558624129 Cp = 0. 56 (two decimal places) USL = 7 LSL = 0. 05 This figure and the graph shows that Powell’s garage is operating at a level lower than 1, which indicates that it is not operating at the potential capacity level. Although the capability index worked out to be lower than 1, there is a variety of different service times which suggests that Powell’s offer a wide range of services and at many different time scales. There are many causes for this variation which includes; the nature of the service. The bigger the problem in the vehicle will mean that the service will take longer, and therefore take space for a longer period of time in the garage. There is also the matter of ordering external parts for the repair. This again, could take a long time as Powell’s must wait for the parts to arrive before the repair can begin. All of these variants are time costly in some way but there could be potential initiatives to reduce this. Powell’s could create more space for vehicles outside their garage, by expanding the car park from 1 to 4, this will provide an area to hold cars that require parts from an external source. This would then leave more room available in the garage for less time consuming services. This would see Powell’s garage gain more business and improve their timing for customers. An outside area would also offer a place where very small services are required, for example changing a tyre. This service takes on average 30 minutes to complete. Powell’s would save a lot of time as the car would not need to be taken into the garage or raised on the ramps. Another initiative could be to use the MOT ramps when there are no vehicles using them. This expands Powell’s capacity to 7 full servicing ramps which would provide more business and a faster operation process. An initiative that would also be very effective would be increasing the number of staff; this would allow vehicles to be serviced much quicker. Even if two mechanics worked on one vehicle, this could potentially half the time in which it takes to complete the service. This would then result in extra customer satisfaction, which in the long run would improve Powell’s reputation. It would also allow for more vehicles to be brought in to service as there would be space for that vehicle in a shorter amount of time. Word Count 2,271 References James, P. Rowland-Jones, R. ; O’Brien, L. (eds) 2009. Operations and Business Systems Management. Harlow, Pearson. Slack, N. , Chambers, S. , ; Johnston, R. , 2004. Operations Management. 4th Ed. London: Pitman Publishing. Cengage (2007) Operations, Strategy and Operations Strategy [Online] Available from: http://www. cengage. co. uk/barnes/students/sample_ch/ch2. pdf [Accessed: 26/11/2010] How to cite Operations and System Management of a Car Garage, Papers

Measurable Social Media Marketing Strategy - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Measurable Social Media Marketing Strategy. Answer: Introduction The marketing strategy is used by Nike, New Zealand to combine the various goals and objectives of marketing and conduct a market research to focus on the product and marketing mix and achieve the maximum level of profit in business. The marketing strategy s also used to create an effective marketing plan and ensure that the company sustains in the competitive business environment with ease and effectiveness. To conduct the research on the implementation of marketing strategies, it will be essential to set proper marketing goals and objectives, conduct the market research and analyse the target customers and competitors to make the company implement the most suitable marketing strategy properly (nike.com, 2017). The market research will be conducted by using SWOT and PESTLE anlaysis, analyse the target customers and competitors of Nike. This will make the company implement effective marketing strategies and create a good place within the business environment. Marketing goals and objectives The sales objective, as it could be seen by analyzing the marketing strategies of Nike, were to distribute the high quality sports shoes at lower prices and create a dominant marketplace within the shoe industry of New Zealand. The sales objective is also to maintain the good quality of products and services offered and make those available easily in the market place (Aaker, 2013). To focus on the objective of achieving the highest level of profit, the organization has met the requirements of customers in the different market segments and even promoted sustainable development of product design and novelty. The pricing objectives are to deliver the highest quality of products at the most competitive price and use sustainable methods to reduce the costs of operations, manufacturing and production and promote the development of innovative designs that can full the needs and requirements of the customers. This would also allow the young customers to reap the maximum benefits from exercising (Armstrong et al., 2015). The product objectives include development of the right kinds of products that can satisfy the customers and even combine all the important components of a product such as price, product features, places where the products are distributed and even how the products would be promoted to gain the attention of the customers. This would influence their buying behaviors and allow them to make purchases consistently, furthermore achieving the desired level of profit that the company had been aiming for (Baker, 2014). Few other marketing goals and objectives are maintaining the quality of products and services of Nike and ensure that these are easily available in the market, fulfill the requirements and needs of the customers in different market segments and establish sustainable methods for creating products that can reduce the amount of packaging wastes, prevent use of harmful chemicals and substances and maintain the ecological balance in nature too. The objective is also to achieve climate neutrality by preventing any carbon emissions that may be generated during the processes of manufacturing and production (Benjaafar, Li Daskin, 2013). The marketing strategies are implemented to stay ahead of all the other sports companies and make sure that the products and services are available to the customers all around the world. This could help in maintaining a better position through supply of good quality products and innovative designs for attracting the most numbers of customers belonging from di fferent backgrounds and cultures. The marketing strategies would be implemented to ensure that all kinds of products and services should be available in the markets and stores and could meet the changing demands and preferences of the customers (Berthon et al., 2012). To make the marketing strategies implementation successful, it is also important for Nike to value and respect the stakeholders such as suppliers, shareholders, customers, employees and the community and fulfill their needs and requirements to achieve the highest amount of share in the market. Encouragement of environment friendly and pollution free development strategies is another major goal or objective that can reduce the emissions of harmful gases and wastes during the processes of manufacturing and production. All these objectives, when achieved, could not only help in delivering the best quality products and services at lower prices but would also result in having a better market share along with maintenance of ecological balance in nature too (Brohi et al., 2016). Market research The research on market is conducted to identify the needs and requirements of the customers in the market, develop a profile of the competitors, identify the pricing strategies, and supply chains to make the organization gain more profit and competitive advantage in business. The market research is possible with the use of SWOT and PESTLE framework to analyse the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the market by the assessment of market size, growth, performance regarding sales along with the sales trends, social and demographics factors too (Caniato et al., 2012). Nike has a huge market share in not only New Zealand but also in various countries all over the world, because of its wide range of products available for the customers in different segments of market. Nike has developed shoes for all kinds of sports including soccer, tennis, basketball and even for golf and due to this, it is one of the number one choice for the athletes as well. Nikes targeted market segments are not limited, because of which, more customers have been attracted, which has created enough opportunities for the company to sustain in the business (Chaffey Ellis-Chadwick, 2012). Nike has a market size of 29 billion US dollars only from its footwear segment with 23 percent of the global athletic footwear market share. The brand value is worth 29.6 billion dollars for Nike, New Zealand. Nike has been the clear winner here, as it can be seen from the analysis. Nike has experienced a solid growth in revenue and this has kept the company stay ahead of its competitors like Adidas, Rebook, etc. Though the company generates good amounts of revenue, still due to the emergence of other organizations, the growth in revenue over the last few decades has reduced largely. Based on the future demands and preferences of the customers, the demands for the basketball shoes have also decreased and remained soft when compared to the previous years (Eggers, Hansen Davis, 2012). The sales performance of Nike has improved with the implementation of good advertising strategies for increasing the demands in the market segments and spread positive brand images. The targeted market has been changed from the teenagers to the young customers to expand the target market and deliver superior quality shoes that have innovative style and are reliable and authentic in their own segments. The e-commerce technologies have benefited the company by making products and services available online and delivered those to them with ease and efficiency. This has been a growing trend for the company, which has improved the sales performance largely, thereby achieving higher amounts of profit and competitive advantage in business (Ferrell Hartline, 2012). The e-commerce growth has resulted in making digital commerce sales, which has generated more sales revenue and even has helped the company to achieve the target with ease. From the analysis of sales performance, it could be understood that Nike has stayed ahead of Adidas and Puma and had sustained in the competitive market place too. It has a sales revenue of 29.1 billion dollars, which is quite higher than the other two companies within the footwear industry. The sales of Nike have increased for the past few years hugely and it has not only resulted in gaining good amounts of return, which is far more than the investments that were made earlier. Based on the analysis of two years, though without considering the past few years, it could be seen that the sales trends had increased potentially. The social trends embraced by Nike have facilitated the implementation of sustainable approaches for changing the lives of people as well as prioritize on the strategies to create a healthier and eco-friendly environment. The corporate social responsibility allowed the company to undertake approaches like innovation of performance, managing volatility of cost of resources, effective supply chain activities, etc. that have helped in maintaining production of good quality and environment friendly products to create a better place for people to live in the future (Hartley Claycomb, 2013). The demographic segmentation helped in making different products available for different market segments comprising of children, young adults and mature individuals. The company provides shoes, clothing and other athletic accessories that are of good qualities and have helped the company to enter new markets with ease and efficiency (Hollensen, 2015). Few major strengths of the organization are its strong brand name and image, good quality research and development activities to introduce wide range of new products and services, availability of good quality shoes and apparel products at comparatively lower prices and competitive advantage has been gained by the organization too. It sells shoes for various sports activities like basketball, golf, tennis, football. The Make to stock customer order used by Nike had facilitated the delivery of fast services to the customers and because of the huge numbers of outlets in more than 180 countries; the sales had been growing consistently (Gordon, 2012). The string research and development activities had helped in innovating the products and services and ensure that the highest quality products and services were offered to keep the customers inclined to the company. Nike, being a global brand holds a recognizable logo named Swoosh, which had been quite popular among the customers as well. The revenue generated is entirely dependent upon the market share of the footwear industry, which is considered as a major weakness. The retailers of shoes and clothing items are price sensitive due to the absence of own retailers of the company, which can also led to less market share. Because of the high level of dependence on the market share, the company might be vulnerable to lesser sales when the market share declines (Hartley Claycomb, 2013). The development of products has provided enough opportunities to Nike because it has not only attracted the attention of many athletes, but also has become popular as a major fashion brand within the youth culture. There are other opportunities as well, such as development of sportswear, sunglasses, jewelry and shoes too. These high value products and services have helped in generating higher profit in business. The development of business globally has strengthened its brand name and image, furthermore supported many popular events and sports to spread brand messages related to the products of the company (Haumann et al., 2014). One of the major threats is the huge amount of competition in the market by Adidas, Rebook, etc. Nike has been exposed to the international nature of trade and so it purchases and sells products in varied currencies, which has created instable cost and margin of profit. There is huge competition in the sports shoes and apparel market, because of which the competitors have developed alternative brand products to take most of the market share that Nike currently possessed (Hawkins, Mothersbaugh Best, 2013). New Zealand has good numbers of policies and procedures for growth, which has been beneficial for the organization such as low rate of interest and structured tax agreements. Changes in tax and political issues can also result in preventing the import and export activities for Nike. By cooperating with the Government, it has become easy for Nike to enable transparency in the global value chain and deliver its products and services all over the world (Hollensen, 2015). The brand equity technique is embraced by Nike to get benefited from the growing demands and preferences of the consumers and furthermore expanded its value chain. The company has provided employment opportunities to a huge number of people in New Zealand and this has provided the local rate to the labor force. The revenue is somewhat dependent upon the low cost labour and as it is changing, the prices of products of Nike are higher as well. With good amount of capital, Nike has all the necessary resources to enter the new markets and sell products properly (Huang, 2012). Nike has maintained a good social status by providing products and services to the customers that can make them lead a better lifestyle. The sustainable processes managed by the company have improved the health consciousness and even made the company create less negative impact on the environment. The organization has complied with the requirements related to the pay structure of employees and delivering good working conditions to the people for maintaining stability within the workplace. This has maintained the organizational standards and ensured that the products and services developed could fulfill the quality standards properly (Khan, 2014). Digital metrics have been used to analyse the demands and preferences of the consumers and enable segmentation of market to manage transactions and supply chains with convenience. The technological advancements have also created good working conditions for the employees, therefore reduced the turnover of employees and undermined the efficiency of the workforce. The company has focused on its marketing effort by embracing digital technologies to focus on the e-commerce and digital sports. The Nike Fuel Band product has personalized the experience of customer and even tracked the level of workouts (Kim et al., 2012). This kind of technological innovation has also given the organization an edge over its competitors by attracting the young customers and deliver feedbacks related to the overall experiences of customers. The segmentation of demographics is a major factor that has impacted the organization by allowing it to target the customers according to their ages gender, occupation, life cycle, etc. Nike mostly targets the customers aged between 18 to 40 years for developing brand trust and loyalty. The company has implemented various marketing campaigns to attract the athletes and even acted as major sponsors to top sports events. A wide range of womens apparel and accessories have been introduced as well to expand the womans segment and this increased the generated revenue for the organization. Because of the high prices of products and services delivered by Nike, the targeting demographic variables had been education and income level of the customers (Krajewski, Ritzman Malhotra, 2013). Analysis of target customers and competitors Nike Inc. is one of the major sports footwear and apparel company that has targeted the professional athletes mostly and through continuous innovation of products and services, the company has improved the potential of athletes and fulfilled their needs and requirements too quite easily. The company has now targeted the women segment within the New Zealand market by providing them with good quality womens clothing and accessories. The young athletes are the targeted market and this has created huge potential and opportunities for the company. Previously the company targeted the people who enjoyed sports, but with time, the company had managed to innovate its products and services and targeted both the young adults and women, who want something new and attraction that could improve their lifestyle (Kumar Mirchandani, 2012). The top competitors of Nike are Adidas, Rebook, Puma, Fila, etc. The products of Adidas are sportswear, clothing and other accessories. It has worldwide revenue of more than $16 billion and brand valuation of $7 billion. Rebook is another company that provides kits of football, cricket and other sports events. Puma is one of the strong contenders of Nike though it has not good levels of sports sponsorships (Kumar et al., 2013). Thus, it could be understood that Nike emerged as a successful contender within the sports and apparel industry. The utilization of value based pricing strategy by Nike has enhanced its growth in sales and profit level. This kind of strategy has helped in identifying the price that the company has applied for the products to maximize its profit level according to the market share. The high value of products delivered has helped in maximizing the profit level largely too. The market segmentation strategy has brought fruitful results by managing agreements between the sports team and the company itself, which further sponsored and endorsed the team members. The majority consumers of Nike are sportsmen and so the company has enabled styling of the product objective and purpose (Morgan et al., 2012). The consumers were targeted effectively, which has developed product intimacy through management of quality and value for money. The business is conducted in a ethical manner and this has been possible by collaborating with the business partners, strategic suppliers and focus on the long term goals by making the employees engaged within the workforce and created good working conditions too. The Codes of conduct standards are evolved to increase the level of expectations of the factory partners and manage strict guidance related to the child labour, compensation, forced labour and association freedom. The working relationships are transformed, thereby giving enough chance to manage changes and benefit the workers of the organisation too (Mullins, Walkerb Boyd, 2012). 7 Ps of Marketing Marketing mix is one of the integral components of strategy and it consists of controllable variables that will be used to fulfill the needs of the targets consumers in the market. Marketing mix will enable to identify the best course of action for achieving the desired long-term goals and objectives, which provide the organization with competitive advantage in the market. Nike is one of the leading manufacturer and supplier of global athletic products such as sport apparels, shoes and equipments. Nike has a strong marketing strategy, which has provided them with competitive advantage in the market (nike.com, 2017). Marketing mix is a tool that is used to improve the strength of the brand and Nike has one of the most strongest marketing strategy in the market. The organization has been mainly focused on the pull strategy, which has helped them to gain competitive advantage over the competitors such as Reebok and Adidas. The marketing mix of Nike will be highlighted in detail in this part of the report (Perreault Jr, Cannon McCarthy, 2013). The product line of the organization is wide and consists of products such as the apparel, equipments and shoes. The organization is one of the market leader in their market segment and has extended their product line by including the products such as athletic bags and accessories. Nike has brand named Cole Haan that consist of casual footwear, apparels and accessories for all segment of the market. Moreover, the product line of the organization consist of brands such as Sports Specialties which has put on the market products like head gears, skate blades, ice skates, hockey sticks, protective gears, accessories and hockey jersey (Santos Laczniak, 2015). This shows that the organization has diversified portfolio and is able to incorporate large number of products into their extended product line, which is catering to the different market segment in the organization. Nike is delivering their products to the premium segment of consumers, which suggest that they have been using premium-pricing strategy. The pricing strategy of the organization has been developed in such a way so that they can compete with the other rivals in the market. Nike never compromises with the prices they offer because of the quality of the product they serve and they have been commanding high premiums (Shank Lyberger, 2014).Nike uses vertical integration in the pricing strategy where their own participants operate in different channels and multiple channel so that they can control the prices and costs of operation. The products of the organization are sold in multiple stores in all over the world and consist of other stores, which are exclusive only to Nike. Nike supplies their product in the international market through independent subsidiaries, licensees and distributors (Kukanja et al. 2017). The organization has established production units in all parts of the world and it has facilitated them in distributing the products in the market. The location of the store is one of the factors, which affects the promotion of an organization. The use of print media and advertising is evident in the organization and formed strategic alliances to promote their products. The organization had made contracts with famous players from all the fields which will includes players like Ronaldo and Lebron James. However, the inclusion of the online media for promoting their product has to be more efficient and Nike will have to more active on the social media platforms and the micro blogging sites as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram (Solomon, 2014). Thus, the organizations have been focusing on improving their digital marketing and have increased their cost of advertisements. However, online marketing and digital marketing if used in an effective way will be able to reduce the overall cost of the organization. The organization has diversified their product to cater to a wide range of consumers in the market. The target consumers include the premium consumers such as athletes. Nike has had targeted athletes from all the fields and provides wide range of products and equipments to the consumers (Aaker, 2013). Moreover, Nike also caters to normal consumer segment and has a different brand for catering to the needs of this segment. Nike is known for the designer products they offer to the consumers and they are able to provide customized products for each of the target segments. The products are designed in such a way that it will suit the needs of their desired field of expertise. Nike operates a global level and consists of large number of factories in various countries. Nike has their own set of independent distributors who supply products to the differ stores in all over the world (Armstrong et al., 2015). Marketing budget Marketing Expense Budget 2017 (OCT) 2017 (NOV) 2017 (DEC) 2018 2019 2020 Advertising $10,000 $12,000 $15,000 $20,000 $160,000 $260,000 Catalogs $2,500 $2,500 $2,500 $2,500 $25,000 $28,000 Websites $3,000 $11,800 $8,000 $5,000 $113,300 $125,000 Promotions $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $0 $16,000 $18,000 Shows $0 $0 $0 $0 $20,200 $22,000 Literature $0 $7,000 $0 $0 $7,000 $8,000 PR $0 $0 $0 $0 $1,000 $1,000 Seminars $1,000 $0 $0 $0 $31,000 $34,000 Service $2,000 $1,000 $500 $250 $10,250 $11,000 Training $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $60,000 $66,000 Other $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 $12,000 $15,000 Total Sales and Marketing Expenses $29,000 $43,800 $51,500 $23,250 $445,750 $578,000 Percent of Sales 6.24% 9.36% 6.77% 3.75% 7.48% 8.82% Contribution Margin $114,310 $123,238 $80,161 $72,035 $913,563 $1,108,926 Contribution Margin/Sales 31.07% 26.33% 10.54% 11.63% 15.3% 16.92% (Source: As created by author) The marketing budget states that Nike will be using aggressive marketing strategy and they have significantly increased their market spending. The organization is more focused on spending in their digital and online marketing; if the strategy is implemented in a proper way it will result in increase in the revenue and the overall revenue that will be generated will be around 20%. Moreover, there is a increase in the brand events which will help to promote their products and create brand recognition in the market and help them to gain competitive advantage in the market. Conclusion The report was presented to focus on the major marketing techniques followed by Nike to create a sustainable place in the market. The major marketing objectives were to deliver high quality shoes and apparel items at reasonable prices and conducted a market research for understanding the sales, growth and performance. The SWOT and PEST analysis helped in assessing the market conditions and analyse the target customers. This helped to identify the products, place, price and promotional approaches that were undertaken by the company to increase its profit level and achieve competitive advantage in business. Lastly, the financial information was presented as market budget to analyse the financial condition and improve it if any issues could be found. References Aaker, D. A. (2013).Brand relevance: Making competitors irrelevant. Jossey-Bass. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Baker, M. J. (2014).Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Benjaafar, S., Li, Y., Daskin, M. (2013). Carbon footprint and the management of supply chains: Insights from simple models.IEEE transactions on automation science and engineering,10(1), 99-116. Berthon, P. R., Pitt, L. F., Plangger, K., Shapiro, D. (2012). Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), 261-271. Brohi, H., Prithiani, J., Abbas, Z., Bhutto, A. H., Chawla, S. K. (2016). Strategic Marketing Plan of Nike. Caniato, F., Caridi, M., Crippa, L., Moretto, A. (2012). Environmental sustainability in fashion supply chains: An exploratory case based research.International journal of production economics,135(2), 659-670. Chaffey, D., Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2012).Digital marketing. Pearson Higher Ed. Eggers, F., Hansen, D. J., Davis, A. E. (2012). Examining the relationship between customer and entrepreneurial orientation on nascent firms marketing strategy.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,8(2), 203-222. Ferrell, O. C., Hartline, M. (2012).Marketing strategy, text and cases. Nelson Education. Gordon, R. (2012). Re-thinking and re-tooling the social marketing mix.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),20(2), 122-126. Hartley, R. F., Claycomb, C. (2013).Marketing mistakes and successes. Wiley. Haumann, T., Quaiser, B., Wieseke, J., Rese, M. (2014). Footprints in the sands of time: A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of customer satisfaction and customercompany identification over time.Journal of Marketing,78(6), 78-102. Hawkins, D. I., Mothersbaugh, D. L., Best, R. J. (2013).Consumer behavior: Building marketing strategy. McGraw-Hill Irwin. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Huang, Y. K. (2012). Marketing budget allocation and marketing benefits of traditional media, online advertising, and electronic word-of-mouth.African Journal of Business Management,6(33), 9524. Khan, M. T. (2014). The concept of'marketing mix'and its elements (a conceptual review paper).International journal of information, business and management,6(2), 95. Kim, K. H., Jeon, B. J., Jung, H. S., Lu, W., Jones, J. (2012). Effective employment brand equity through sustainable competitive advantage, marketing strategy, and corporate image.Journal of Business Research,65(11), 1612-1617. Krajewski, L. J., Ritzman, L. P., Malhotra, M. K. (2013).Operations management: processes and supply chains(Vol. 1). New York, NY: Pearson. Kumar, V., Mirchandani, R. (2012). Increasing the ROI of social media marketing.MIT Sloan Management Review,54(1), 55. Kumar, V., Bhaskaran, V., Mirchandani, R., Shah, M. (2013). Practice prize winnercreating a measurable social media marketing strategy: increasing the value and ROI of intangibles and tangibles for hokey pokey.Marketing Science,32(2), 194-212. Morgan, N. A., Katsikeas, C. S., Vorhies, D. W. (2012). Export marketing strategy implementation, export marketing capabilities, and export venture performance.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,40(2), 271-289. Mullins, J., Walker, O. C., Boyd Jr, H. W. (2012).Marketing management: A strategic decision-making approach. 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Digital library Essay Essay Example

Digital library Essay Essay Digital library An electronic library ( conversationally referred to as a digital library ) is a library in which aggregations are stored in electronic media formats ( as opposed to publish. microform. or other media ) and accessible via computing machines. [ 1 ] Wikipedia: VerifiabilityThe electronic content may be stored locally. or accessed remotely via computing machine webs. An electronic library is a type of information retrieval system. In the context of the DELOS [ 2 ] . a Network of Excellence on Digital Libraries. and DL. org [ 3 ] . a Coordination Action on Digital Library Interoperability. Best Practices and Modelling Foundations. Digital Library research workers and practicians and package developer produced a Digital Library Reference Model [ 4 ] [ 5 ] which defines a digital library as: â€Å"A potentially practical administration. that comprehensively collects. manages and conserves for the long deepness of clip rich digital content. and offers to its targeted user communities specialised functionality on that content. of defined quality and harmonizing to comprehensive statute policies. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital library Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Digital library Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Digital library Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer â€Å" [ 6 ] The first usage of the term digital library in print may hold been in a 1988 study to the Corporation for National Research Initiatives [ 7 ] Wikipedia: Verifiability The term digital libraries was foremost popularized by the NSF/DARPA/NASA Digital Libraries Initiative in 1994. [ 8 ] These draw to a great extent on As We May Think by Vannevar Bush in 1945. which set out a vision non in footings of engineering. but user experience. [ 9 ] The term practical library was ab initio used interchangeably with digital library. but is now chiefly used for libraries that are practical in other senses ( such as libraries which aggregate distributed content ) . A differentiation is frequently made between content that was created in a digital format. known as born-digital. and information that has been converted from a physical medium. e. g. paper. by digitising. It should besides be noted that non all electronic content is in digital informations format. The term intercrossed library is sometimes used for libraries that have both physical aggregations and electronic aggregations. For illustration. American Memory is a digital library within the Library of Congress. Some of import digital libraries besides serve as long term archives. such as arXiv and the Internet Archive. Others. such as the Digital Public Library of America. seek to do digital information widely accessible through public libraries. [ 10 ] Academic repositories Many academic libraries are actively involved in constructing institutional depositories of the institution’s books. documents. theses. and other plants which can be digitized or were ‘born digital’ . Many of these depositories are made available to the general populace with few limitations. in conformity with the ends of unfastened entree. in contrast to the publication of research in commercial diaries. where the publishing houses frequently limit entree rights. Institutional. genuinely free. and corporate depositories are sometimes referred to as digital libraries. Digital archives Physical archives differ from physical libraries in several ways. Traditionally. archives are defined as: 1. Incorporating primary beginnings of information ( typically letters and documents straight produced by an person or organisation ) instead than the secondary beginnings found in a library ( books. periodicals. etc. ) . 2. Having their contents organized in groups instead than single points. 3. Having alone contents. The engineering used to make digital libraries is even more radical for archives since it breaks down the 2nd and 3rd of these general regulations. In other words. â€Å"digital archives† or â€Å"online archives† will still by and large contain primary beginnings. but they are likely to be described separately instead than ( or in add-on to ) in groups or aggregations. Further. because they are digital their contents are easy consistent and may so hold been 1 Digital library reproduced from elsewhere. The Oxford Text Archive is by and large considered to be the oldest digital archive of academic physical primary beginning stuffs. The future Large graduated table digitisation undertakings are underway at Google. the Million Book Project. and Internet Archive. With continued betterments in book handling and presentation engineerings such as optical character acknowledgment and ebooks. and development of alternate depositaries and concern theoretical accounts. digital libraries are quickly turning in popularity. Just as libraries have ventured into audio and video aggregations. so have digital libraries such as the Internet Archive. Google Books undertaking late received a tribunal triumph on continuing with their book-scanning undertaking that was halted by the Authors’ club. This helped open the route for libraries to work with Google to break range frequenters who are accustomed to computerized information. One factor that gave Google an advantage is the librarie’s carnival usage statement. Harmonizing to Larry Lannom. Director of Information Management Technology at the non-profit-making Corporation should be for National Research Initiatives. â€Å"all the jobs associated with digital libraries are wrapped up in archiving. † He goes on to province. â€Å"If in 100 old ages people can still read your article. we’ll have solved the job. † Daniel Akst. writer of The Webster Chronicle. proposes that â€Å"the hereafter of libraries — and of information — is digital. † Peter Lyman and Hal Varian. information scientists at the University of California. Berkeley. estimation that â€Å"the world’s entire annual production of print. movie. optical. and magnetic content would necessitate approximately 1. 5 billion Gs of storage. † Therefore. they believe that â€Å"soon it will be technologically possible for an mean individual to entree virtually all recorded information. â€Å" [ 11 ] Searching Most digital libraries provide a hunt interface which allows resources to be found. These resources are typically deep web ( or unseeable web ) resources since they often can non be located by hunt engine sycophants. Some digital libraries create particular pages or sitemaps to let hunt engines to happen all their resources. Digital libraries often use the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting ( OAI-PMH ) to expose their metadata to other digital libraries. and search engines like Google Scholar. Yokel! and Scirus can besides utilize OAI-PMH to happen these deep web resources. [ 12 ] There are two general schemes for seeking a federation of digital libraries: 1. distributed searching. and 2. seeking antecedently harvested metadata. Distributed seeking typically involves a client directing multiple hunt petitions in analogue to a figure of waiters in the federation. The consequences are gathered. extras are eliminated or clustered. and the staying points are sorted and presented back to the client. Protocols like Z39. 50 are often used in distributed searching. A benefit to this attack is that the resource-intensive undertakings of indexing and storage are left to the several waiters in the federation. A drawback to this attack is that the hunt mechanism is limited by the different indexing and ranking capablenesss of each database. doing it hard to piece a combined consequence consisting of the most relevant found points. Searching over antecedently harvested metadata involves seeking a locally stored index of information that has antecedently been collected from the libraries in the federation. When a hunt is performed. the hunt mechanism does non necessitate to do connexions with the digital libraries it is seeking – it already has a local representation of the information. This attack requires the creative activity of an indexing and harvest home mechanism which operates on a regular basis. linking to all the digital libraries and questioning the whole aggregation in order to detect new and updated resources. OAI-PMH is often used by digital libraries for leting metadata to be harvested. A benefit to this attack is that the hunt mechanism has full control over indexing and superior algorithms. perchance 2 Digital library leting more consistent consequences. A drawback is that reaping and indexing systems are more resource-intensive and hence expensive. Frameworks The formal mention theoretical accounts include the DELOS Digital Library Reference Model [ 13 ] and the Streams. Structures. Spaces. Scenarios. Societies ( 5S ) formal model. [ 14 ] The Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System ( OAIS ) provides a model to turn to digital saving. [ 15 ] Construction and organisation See besides Digital Collections Selection Criteria. Software There are a figure of package bundles for usage in general digital libraries. for noteworthy 1s see Digital library package. Institutional depository package. which focuses chiefly on ingest. saving and entree of locally produced paperss. peculiarly locally produced academic end products. can be found in Institutional depository package. This package may be proprietary. as is the instance with the Library of Congress which uses Digiboard and CTS to pull off digital content. Digitization In the past few old ages. processs for digitising books at high velocity and relatively low cost have improved well with the consequence that it is now possible to digitise 1000000s of books per twelvemonth. [ 16 ] Google book-scanning undertaking [ 17 ] is besides working with libraries to offer digitise books forcing frontward on the digitize book kingdom. Advantages The advantages of digital libraries as a agency of easy and quickly accessing books. archives and images of assorted types are now widely recognized by commercial involvements and public organic structures likewise. [ 18 ] Traditional libraries are limited by storage infinite ; digital libraries have the possible to hive away much more information. merely because digital information requires really small physical infinite to incorporate it. As such. the cost of keeping a digital library can be much lower than that of a traditional library. A physical library must pass big amounts of money paying for staff. book care. rent. and extra books. Digital libraries may cut down or. in some cases. make off with these fees. Both types of library require cataloguing input to let users to turn up and recover stuff. Digital libraries may be more willing to follow inventions in engineering supplying users with betterments in electronic and audio book engineering every bit good as showing new signifiers of communicating such as wikis and web logs ; conventional libraries may see that supplying on-line entree to their OPAC catalogue is sufficient. An of import advantage to digital transition is increased handiness to users. They besides increase handiness to persons who may non be traditional frequenters of a library. due to geographic location or organisational association. †¢ No physical boundary. The user of a digital library need non to travel to the library physically ; people from all over the universe can derive entree to the same information. every bit long as an Internet connexion is available. †¢ Round the clock handiness A major advantage of digital libraries is that people can derive entree 24/7 to the information. †¢ Multiple entree. The same resources can be used at the same time by a figure of establishments and frequenters. This may non be the instance for copyrighted stuff: a library may hold a licence for â€Å"lending out† merely one transcript at a clip ; this is achieved with a system of digital rights direction where a resource can go unaccessible after termination of the loaning period or after the loaner chooses to do it unaccessible ( tantamount to returning the 3 Digital library †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ resource ) . Information retrieval. The user is able to utilize any search term ( word. phrase. rubric. name. topic ) to seek the full aggregation. Digital libraries can supply really user-friendly interfaces. giving clickable entree to its resources. Preservation and preservation. Digitization is non a long-run saving solution for physical aggregations. but does win in supplying entree transcripts for stuffs that would otherwise autumn to debasement from repeated usage. Digitized aggregations and born-digital objects pose many saving and preservation concerns that analog stuffs do non. Please see the undermentioned â€Å"Problems† subdivision of this page for illustrations. Space. Whereas traditional libraries are limited by storage infinite. digital libraries have the possible to hive away much more information. merely because digital information requires really small physical infinite to incorporate them and media storage engineerings are more low-cost than of all time before. Added value. Certain features of objects. chiefly the quality of images. may be improved. Digitization can heighten discernability and take seeable defects such as discolorations and stain. [ 19 ] Easily accessible. Challenges Digital saving. Digital saving aims to guarantee that digital media and information systems are still explainable into the indefinite hereafter. Each necessary constituent of this must be migrated. preserved or emulated. [ 20 ] Typically lower degrees of systems ( floppy discs for illustration ) are emulated. bit-streams ( the existent files stored in the discs ) are preserved and runing systems are emulated as a practical machine. Merely where the significance and content of digital media and information systems are good understood is migration possible. as is the instance for office paperss. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] However. at least one organisation. the WiderNet Project. has created an offline digital library. the eGranary. by reproducing stuffs on a 4 TB difficult thrust. Alternatively of a bit-stream environment. the digital library contains a constitutional placeholder waiter and hunt engine so the digital stuffs can be accessed utilizing an Internet browser. Besides. the stuffs are non preserved for the hereafter. The eGranary is intended for usage in topographic points or state of affairss where Internet connectivity is really slow. non-existent. undependable. unsuitable or excessively expensive. Copyright and licencing Digital libraries are hampered by right of first publication jurisprudence because. unlike with traditional printed plants. the Torahs of digital right of first publication are still being formed. The republication of stuff on the web by libraries may necessitate permission from rights holders. and there is a struggle of involvement between libraries and the publishing houses who may wish to make on-line versions of their acquired content for commercial intents. In 2010. it was estimated that 23 per centum of books in being were created before 1923 and therefore out of right of first publication. Of those printed after this day of the month. merely five per centum were still in print as of 2010. Therefore. about 72 per centum of books were non available to the populace. [ 23 ] There is a dilution of duty that occurs as a consequence of the distributed nature of digital resources. Complex rational belongings affairs may go involved since digital stuff is non ever owned by a library. [ 24 ] The content is. in many instances. public sphere or spontaneous content merely. Some digital libraries. such as Project Gutenberg. work to digitise out-of-copyright plants and do them freely available to the populace. An estimation of the figure of distinguishable books still existent in library catalogues from 2000 BC to 1960. has been made. [ 25 ] The Fair Use Provisions ( 17 USC  § 107 ) under the Copyright Act of 1976 provide specific guidelines under which fortunes libraries are allowed to copy digital resources. Four factors that constitute just usage are â€Å"Purpose of the usage. Nature of the work. Amount or substantialness used and Market impact. â€Å" [ 26 ] 4 Digital library Some digital libraries get a licence to impart their resources. This may affect the limitation of imparting out merely one transcript at a clip for each licence. and using a system of digital rights direction for this intent ( see besides above ) . The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 was an act created in the United States to try to cover with the debut of digital plants. This Act incorporates two pacts from the twelvemonth 1996. It criminalizes the effort to circumvent steps which limit entree to copyrighted stuffs. It besides criminalizes the act of trying to besiege entree control. [ 27 ] This act provides an freedom for non-profit-making libraries and archives which allows up to three transcripts to be made. one of which may be digital. This may non be made public or distributed on the web. nevertheless. Further. it allows libraries and archives to copy a work if its format becomes disused. [ 28 ] Copyright issues persist. As such. proposals have been put frontward proposing that digital libraries be exempt from copyright jurisprudence. Although this would be really good to the populace. it may hold a negative economic consequence and writers may be less inclined to make new plants. [ 29 ] Another issue that complicates affairs is the desire of some publication houses to curtail the usage of digit stuffs such as e-books purchased by libraries. Whereas with printed books. the library owns the book until it can no longer be circulated. publishing houses want to restrict the figure of times an e-book can be checked out before the library would necessitate to buy back that book. â€Å" [ HarperCollins ] began licencing usage of each e-book transcript for a upper limit of 26 loans. This affects merely the most popular rubrics and has no practical consequence on others. After the bound is reached. the library can buy back entree rights at a lower cost than the original monetary value. † [ 30 ] While from a publication position. this sounds like a good balance of library loaning and protecting themselves from a feared lessening in book gross revenues. libraries are non set up to supervise their aggregations as such. They acknowledge the increased demand of digital stuffs available to frequenters and the desire of a digital library to go expanded to include best Sellerss. but publisher licensing may impede the process†¦ Metadata creative activity In traditional libraries. the ability to happen plants of involvement is straight related to how good they were cataloged. While cataloging electronic plants digitized from a library’s bing retention may be every bit simple as copying or traveling a record from the print to the electronic signifier. complex and born-digital plants require well more attempt. To manage the turning volume of electronic publications. new tools and engineerings have to be designed to let effectual automated semantic categorization and seeking. While full text hunt can be used for some points. there are many common catalog hunts which can non be performed utilizing full text. including: †¢ happening texts which are interlingual renditions of other texts. †¢ associating texts published under anonym to the existent writers ( Samuel Clemens and Mark Twain. for illustration ) †¢ distinguishing non-fiction from lampoon ( The Onion from The New York Times. for illustration ) . References [ 1 ] Greenstein. Daniel I. . Thorin. Suzanne Elizabeth. The Digital Library: A Biography ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. clir. org/ PUBS/ reports/ pub109/ pub109. pdf ) . Digital Library Federation ( 2002 ) ISBN 1-933645-18-0. Accessed June 25. 2007. [ 2 ] hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. delos. info [ 3 ] hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. dlorg. eu [ 4 ] L. Candela. G. Athanasopoulos. D. Castelli. K. El Raheb. P. Innocenti. Y. Ioannidis. A. Katifori. A. Nika. G. Vullo. S. Ross: The Digital Library Reference Model. April 2011 ( PDF ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / bscw. research-infrastructures. eu/ pub/ bscw. cgi/ d222816/ D3. 2b Digital Library Reference Model. pdf ) ) [ 5 ] L. Candela et Al. : The DELOS Digital Library Reference Model – Foundations for Digital Libraries. Version 0. 98. February 2008 ( PDF ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. delos. info/ files/ pdf/ ReferenceModel/ DELOS_DLReferenceModel_0. 98. pdf ) ) [ 6 ] L. Candela. G. Athanasopoulos. D. Castelli. K. El Raheb. P. Innocenti. Y. Ioannidis. A. Katifori. A. Nika. G. Vullo. S. Ross: The Digital Library Reference Model. April 2011. 17. ( PDF ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / bscw. research-infrastructures. eu/ pub/ bscw. cgi/ d222816/ D3. 2b Digital Library Reference Model. pdf ) ) 5 Digital library [ 7 ] Kahn. R. E. . A ; Cerf. V. G. ( 1988 ) . The Digital Library Project Volume I: The World of Knowbots. ( DRAFT ) : An Open Architecture For a Digital Library System and a Plan For Its Development ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / high-density lipoprotein. grip. net/ 4263537/ 2091 ) . Reston. Virginia: Corporation for National Research Initiatives. [ 8 ] Edward A. Fox. The Digital Libraries Initiative – Update and Discussion. ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. asis. org/ Bulletin/ Oct-99/ fox. hypertext markup language ) . Bulletin of the America Society of Information Science. Vol. 26. No 1. October/November 1999. [ 9 ] Candela. L. ; Castelli. D. A ; Pagano. History. Development and Impact of Digital Libraries ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. igi-global. com/ viewtitle. aspx? titleid=47467 A ; sender=4dcefe4d-ef33-4836-8eea-f02af2cc374d ) . In P. Iglezakis. I. ; Synodinou. T. A ; Kapidakis. S. ( ed. ) E-Publishing and Digital Libraries: Legal and Organizational Issues. IGI Global. 2011. 1- 30 [ 10 ] Yi. Esther. Inside the Quest to Put the World’s Libraries Online ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. theatlantic. com/ entertainment/ archive/ 2012/ 07/ inside-the-quest-to-put-the-worlds-libraries-online/ 259967/ ) . The Atlantic. July 26. 2012. [ 11 ] Akst. D. ( 2003 ) . The Digital Library: Its Future Has Arrived. Carnegie Reporter. 2 ( 3 ) . 4-8. [ 12 ] Koehler. AEC. Some Ideas on the Meaning of Open Access for University Library Technical Services Serials Review Vol. 32. 1. 2006. p. 17 [ 13 ] Agosti. M. . Candela. L. . Castelli. D. . Ferro. N. . Ioannidis. Y. . Koutrika. G. . Meghini. C. . Pagano. P. . Ross. S. . Schek. H. -J. . A ; Schuldt. H. ( 2006 ) . A Reference Model for DLMSs Interim Report. In L. Candela. A ; D. Castelli ( Eds. ) . Deliverable D1. 4. 2 – Reference Model for Digital Library Management Systems [ Draft 1 ] . DELOS. A Network of Excellence on Digital Libraries — IST-2002-2. 3. 1. 12. Technology-enhanced Learning and Access to Cultural Heritage. Online at: hypertext transfer protocol: / / 146. 48. 87. 122:8003/ OLP/ Repository/ 1. 0/ Disseminate/ delos/ 2006_WP1_D142/ content/ pdf? version=1 [ 14 ] Goncalves. M. A. . Fox. E. A. . Watson. L. T. . A ; Kipp. N. A. ( 2004 ) . Streams. Structures. Spaces. Scenarios. Societies ( 5S ) : A Formal Model for Digital Libraries. ACM Transactions on Information Systems ( TOIS ) . 22 ( 2 ) . 270-312. [ 15 ] â€Å"The DSpace squad recognized the value of the OAIS model and recast the repository’s architecture to suit this archival framework† [ 16 ] Committee on Institutional Cooperation: Partnership announced between CIC and Google ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. cic. uiuc. edu/ programs/ CenterForLibraryInitiatives/ Archive/ PressRelease/ LibraryDigitization/ index. shtml ) . 6 June 2007. Retrieved 7. [ 17 ] hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. Google. com/ googlebooks/ library. hypertext markup language [ 18 ] European Commission steps up attempts to set Europe’s memory ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / Europa. eu/ rapid/ pressReleasesAction. make? reference=IP/ 06/ 253 A ; type=HTML A ; aged=0 A ; language=EN A ; guiLanguage=en ) on the Web via a â€Å"European Digital Library† Europa imperativeness release. 2 March 2006 [ 19 ] Gertz. Janet. â€Å"Selection for Preservation in the Digital Age. † Library Resources A ; Technical Services. 44 ( 2 ) ( 2000 ) :97-104. [ 20 ] Cain. Mark. â€Å"Managing Technology: Bing a Library of Record in a Digital Age† . Journal of Academic Librarianship 29:6 ( 2003 ) . [ 21 ] Breeding. Marshall. â€Å"Preserving Digital Information. † . Information Today 19:5 ( 2002 ) . [ 22 ] Teper. Thomas H. â€Å"Where Next? Long-run Considerations for Digital Initiatives. † Kentucky Libraries 65 ( 2 ) ( 2001 ) :12-18. [ 23 ] Van Le. Christopher. â€Å"Opening the Doors to Digital Libraries: A Proposal to Exempt Digital Libraries From the Copyright Act. † Case Western Reserve Journal of Law. Technology A ; The Internet. 1. 2 ( Spring 2010 ) . 135. [ 24 ] Pymm. Bob. â€Å"Building Collections for All Time: The Issue of Significance. † Australian Academic A ; Research Libraries. 37 ( 1 ) ( 2006 ) :61-73. [ 25 ] Antique Books ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. antiquebooks. net/ datatop. hypertext markup language ) [ 26 ] Hirtle. Peter B. . â€Å"Digital Preservation and Copyright. † ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / fairuse. Stanford. edu/ commentary_and_analysis/ 2003_11_hirtle. hypertext markup language ) Stanford University Libraries. Retrieved October 24. 2011. [ 27 ] United States Copyright Office. â€Å"The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 – U. S. Copyright Office Summary† ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. right of first publication. gov/ legislation/ dmca. pdf ) 1998. 2. [ 28 ] United States Copyright Office. â€Å"The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 – U. S. Copyright Office Summary† ( hypertext transfer protocol: / / World Wide Web. right of first publication. gov/ legislation/ dmca. pdf ) 1998. 15. [ 29 ] Van Le. Christopher. â€Å"Opening the Doors to Digital Libraries: A Proposal to Exempt Digital Libraries From the Copyright Act. † Case Western Reserve Journal of Law. Technology A ; The Internet. 1. 2 ( Spring 2010 ) . 145. [ 30 ] STROSS. RANDALL. â€Å"For Libraries and Publishers. an E-Book Tug of War – NYTimes. com. † The New York Times – Breaking News. World News A ; Multimedia. N. p. . n. d. Web. 6 Mar. 2013. 6 Digital library External links †¢ CNRI-DARPA: D-Lib Magazine ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. dlib. org/ ) Electronic publication that chiefly focuses on digital library research and development †¢ hypertext transfer protocol: //www. librittio. com – World’s Most Advanced Professional Digital Library System †¢ / Democratization of Literature: The Rise of the Digital Libraries on the Internet ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. reflectionedu. com/ attachments/File/Barnolipi/EngT_8_11. pdf ) by Tarun Tapas Mukherjee ] . From BARNOLIPI: An Interdisciplinary Journal. Volume I. Issue II. 2011. [ hypertext transfer protocol: //fbc. pionier. cyberspace. pl/ Search Engine of Free Resources. available online in Polish Digital Libraries ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. barnolipi. com/ ) Conferences †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ TPDL ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. tpdl. eu/ ) – International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries ECDL ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ecdlconference. isti. cnr. it/ ) – European Conference on Digital Libraries ICADL ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. icadl. org/ ) – International Conference on Asiatic Digital Libraries JCDL ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. jcdl. org/ ) – ACM and IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries ICSD ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. icsd-conference. org/ ) – International Conference for Digital Libraries and the Semantic Web 7 Article Sources and Contributors Article Sources and Contributors Digital library Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? oldid=570781509 Subscribers: — April. 24fan24. 2A00:1620: C0:50: C8B0:1C9B:27C1:7990. A. B. . Aap3030. Aarontay. Abdullah Albluchi. Acc60. Adoniscik. Afl2784. Aladin p. Alain Caraco. Alaniaris. Alexius08. Alf7e. Andrejj. Andy Dingley. Andyjsmith. Aragor. Arctic Kangaroo. Artdhtml. Ashenfelder. Ata. Ata. rehman. Azpayel. BadBull. Badan bartender. Baileycw. Beetstra. BlindWanderer. Bob103051. Bomzhik. Bonadea. Bujar. Buridan. CVCE. Candela. Catfoo. Cej10. Ceyockey. Charivari. Chhotu372. Choukimath. Coldmachine. CommonsDelinker. Conversion book. Creationlaw. Curious1i. CutOffTies. Cwconservation. DGG. DaGizza. DabMachine. Dalf. Danny lost. Dawnseeker2000. DebbieWiLS. Deborah-jl. Denverjeffrey. Diglibs. Disavian. Djstasiewski. Dlkwiki. Dthomsen8. Dylan furnas. Eanc. Eilthireach. Enduser. Epbr123. Erianna. Evil saltine. Fatalityonline. Feedmecereal. Femto. Filterking. Floating ruddy. Fmccown. Gaius Cornelius. Galka. Gareth Owen. Gego. Gouwepv. Greenrd. Greenteablues. Grika. Harris7. Hhanke. Hiogui. Hollymorganelli. Hu12. Ilsessay. Ipigott. Irbisgreif. Irishguy. Ithinkhelikesit. Ixfd64. JLaTondre. JakobVoss. Jaqian. Jchang12. Jeremykemp. Jewers. Jo 316. John. John Hubbard. Jpbowen. Jpom. Jsweetin. Jua Cha. Jweise. Kanags. Kansoku. Karen Johnson. Kattmamma. Katywatson. Kbel32. Kggy. Killian441. Kinu. Klemen Kocjancic. Ktr101. LadislavNK. Lawandtech. Lawsonstu. LeeNapier. Leonardo. candle. Loonymonkey. Lquilter. Ltfhenry. Lyc. Cooperi. Lysy. MBisanz. MK8. Maristella. agosti. Marselan. Martinlc. Masgatotkaca. Materialscientist. Mboverload. Mcanabalb. Mean as custard. Mets501. Mica Gomes. Michael Hardy. Mike. lifesaver. Missenc. Mmj. Mogh. Morbusgravis. Mordsan. MrOllie. Mseem. Mwisotzky. Mxn. Mairtin. Ncschistory. Nealmcb. NeilN. Neilc. Neo3DGfx. Nigholith. Night eule. Noisy. NorwalkJames. Notinasnaid. Nurg. OSU1980. Oicumayberight. OlEnglish. Olexandr Kravchuk. Olgerd. Omegatron. Pamplemousse. Patrick. PeepP. Phauly. Pinethicket. Pinkadelica. Poindexter Propellerhead. Poor Yorick. Prajapati Reena. Ps07swt. Ptgraham. Puckly. Padraic MacUidhir. Quadell. RJBurkhart3. Racheltaketa. Raghith. Rajankila. Rich Farmbrough. Richard Arthur Norton ( 1958- ) . Rickprelinger. Rlitwin. Robert Thibadeau. Rozek19. Russell Square. SRHMGSLP. Sander Sade. Sandox. Sayeedmd. Senu. Sfiga. Shanes. Shyamal. SimonP. Skomorokh. Skysmith. Smmurphy. Spdegabrielle. Stbalbach. Stephen Burnett. Stephen Gilbert. Stevertigo. Strabon. StradivariusTV. Stuartyeates. Supersion. Svchameli. TWWhiting. TakuyaMurata. Targi. Tentinator. The Anome. The Evil Spartan. TheNewPhobia. Thebt. Thingg. Timeshifter. Tl246. Tlearn. Trapow. Travczyk. Treemonster19. Tregoweth. Trek011. Ttm1974. User A1. Utcursch. Vamshi 12345. Vanprooi. Vector Potential. Vicky877. Victorlamp. Viriditas. Volphy. WJetChao. Wavelength. Wayland. Wikiborg. Wmahan. Wya. YVSREDDY. Yerpo. Yosri. Zack wadghiri. Zundark. Zzuuzz. 302 anon. edits License Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3. 0 //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-sa/3. 0/ 8.

learning to like summer essays

learning to like summer essays How can personal experiences change a persons attitude? This question is answered through Lorraine Hansberrys On Summer. In this narrative, the main character and author, Lorraine, has a disfavorable impression of summer. However, through certain experiences, she realizes that it is a season to be greatly appreciated. Summer was a mistake, according to Lorraine. It was an utter overstatement that consisted of displeasurable things like grainy sand, cold waters, and the icky, perspiry feeling of bathing caps. Everything was always louder, sharper, hotter, and therefore, very uncomfortable. However, Lorraine did appreciate one thing about summer, and that was how on hot days, her family would go to the park and lay on the cool, sweet grass with a freshly-cut An experience that opened Lorraines mind to the joys of summer was when she went to visit her grandmother in Tennessee. During her drive, while passing Kentucky, she saw beautiful hills where her grandfather had hidden as a slave from his master. After reaching her grandmother and spending some time in the rural Tennessee, Lorraine begins to associate the good parts of summer with the natural beauty of the countryside. Soon, the fun summer is over and Lorraine must go back home to Chicago. Next summer, upon hearing that her grandmother has died, she realizes how special summer was because of the precious moments she was able to Another event in Lorraines life that aided in changing her opinion of summer was when she went up to a lodge in Maine. She encountered a remarkable woman who was stricken with cancer, but didnt let that cancer be a hindrance to her. The woman refused to accept cancer as tragedy and her face softened, loo ...

Show Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Show - Essay Example how is to isolate the contestants and then observe their behavior and interactions with all the other participants as they are completely cut off from the outside world. The eligibility criteria is simple, the individual must be 21 years of age and must be willing to travel at his or her own expense. US citizenship is mandatory and the individual should be fit mentally and physically. The layout of the show requires complete informed consent from the contestants that allows the producers to conduct a full background check. These are some of the eligibility requirements that are set by the CBS Entertainment Corporation. If the requirements are fulfilled then the individual needs to fill out an application form and send in an introductory video, upon receipt of these materials subsequent interviews decides whether or not they get to appear on the show. Their survival in the house under heavy scrutiny takes them a step closer to the cash prize and turns them into a celebrity

How Government Actions Improves Market Outcomes Assignment

How Government Actions Improves Market Outcomes - Assignment Example Such measures included quantitative easing characterized by debt-for-bond swap plan with an objective of keeping domestic markets afloat, among others. Notably though was an increase in margin financing of stock purchases that fuelled an extraordinary increase in equity prices. Following stabilization of equity prices, the government embarked on contractionary measures aimed at ceasing government direct intervention so that the market may adjust to internal market forces, and eventually sustain itself. As pointed out by Frankel, while it appears that the apparent market failure resulted from misguided government intervention in the market, the cause may as well be the unpremeditated plans and subsequently implementation by the China Securities Regulatory Commission to limit the amount that brokerages could put into stock trading. The resulting increase in margin requirements gave rise to a state where economic instruments grew weaker, resulting in the resent crush of the Chinese stock market. The measures undertaken by the Chinese government, even though they seem to have been catastrophic rather than beneficial, were in no way intended to compromise or to further cripple the economy. Measures such as quantitative easing have been proven quite pragmatic in resuscitating downward spiraling economies around the world. However, currency devaluation superficially appears to provide relief to currencies whenever implemented, boosting their respective performance internationally.

Review of a Live Theatre Perfomance (Fences by August Wilson) Essay

Review of a Live Theatre Perfomance (Fences by August Wilson) - Essay Example Based on the setting of 1950’s, Fences centers an African American family. It records their dreams, desperation, success and failure. Tight-lipped with myriad images and symbols playing subtly throughout the play and revealed at the outset and onset of the plot, ‘Fences’ is definitely a masterpiece and is also humanistic. The play comments on the evolving African-American experience and very minutely examines intricately the ‘race-relations’ woven within the plot of the play among many other themes. Divided in between two plots, containing four and five scenes respectively, the story revolves round the depression of the Afro-American community in post world war II period. The play opens on the pay day of two workers named Bono and Tory. Both the two characters are very important in the play. Bono and Tory are found to be drinking while talking. Tory is introduced to the audience through his speech and this forms a very unique style of performing artistry. Tory’s character is revealed by his act of moving towards his boss Mr. Rand and his query about the prohibition for the Black men for driving garbage trucks. Next, the audience is introduced to the other two important characters of the play, Lyons and Rose, who joined the conversation. With the development of the conversation, audience gets to know about the fact that Tory once stabbed a man which indicates some abnormalities in his behaviors. Lyons is a musician by profession who is introduced to the audience while he was asking for money from his father and was quite confident about the fact that he will receive it from his father, Tory. Tory renders his son a hard and trying time by refusing the money though at last the father agrees. With the development of the plot, eventually it is revealed that Tory had an affair with a woman named Alberta. It is noteworthy

Hr theories

Hr theories Objectives of Experience:(20 marks) (Write four objectives for the experience that meet SMART Criteria) I want to get a graduate job offer by the 1st of September from the financial department at the Audi Headquarters and I will achieve this by fulfilling the managers every requests. By the end of my placement I want gain knowledge of how to present and create financial balance sheets and I will accomplish this by fallowing my manager and assist him. I want to learn how to be confident while I am leading people and how to show an excellent example under massive pressure. I will achieve this by taking a close look at the managers movements, gestures and decisions that he makes every working day. I want to accomplish this by the 1st of September I want to build a reliable long term professional relationship with every one of my co-workers, manager and department head by the end of my work placement and I will achieve this by get to know them during my first week and keep in touch with them during my placement. Outline of relevant HR related literature(50 marks) (In this section you should provide a 500 word (fully referenced) description of the HR theories that you are going to use within your completed portfolio. In compiling this section, you should use a range of specific journal articles and textbooks to substantiate the points you are making. The references for this section should be placed in the later reference section. Please use proper citation techniques in this section) run My focus has addressed questions on how organizations add value to customers and investors through both leadership and strategic human resource practices. In the human resource area, I will explore how Dave Ulrichs redefined and upgraded Human Resource theory effects the decisions of large organizations like Audi. With his colleagues Jon Younger and Wayne Brockbank, Ulrich has articulated how the modern HR organization can be organized into shared services, centres of expertise, and business partners. I will also look at how HR practices are aligned to customer needs and integrated organization around capabilities. And by focusing on the outcomes of effective leadership it will increase customer share, shareholder value and also synthesizer the thicket of leadership competency models into a unified view of leadership. I would also like to get familiar how leaders concentrate on the individual and try to help the individual become a better leader. Like Ulrich sad that â€Å"leadershi p as a pattern is becoming more important than leadership as a person. From the inside and from the outside: often good leadership focuses on the inside of an individual (what can I do and what do I do) and the inside of the company (what do we need.)† They have also suggested that leadership should come from the customers wish. Based on these two themes, they have recommended the creation of a brand of leadership that starts with identifying the customers vision of the company brand and related expectations. They aim to match the brand of leadership with the company brand by listening to the external vision customers have about what leaders should know in order to deliver value to the customer. On the basis of the leadership brand standards, Businesses can deliver leadership that result in creating value. Also how HR has an important role in working out a development process for future leaders. I would take an even closer look at the four major points that Ulrich has develope d during his researches and widely used since then. First of all Change management is a structured approach to transitioning individuals, teams, and organizations from a current state to a desired future state The field of change management grew from the recognition that organizations like Audi are comprised of people. And the behaviours of people make up the outputs of the organization. Then how will the Administration part of the Human Resource team issue the conditional written offer letter, the Statement of Terms and Conditions of Employment and other information applicable to every single position. And how they will carry out other pre-employment checks as required. How appropriate, arrangements will be made by the Human Resources team for a pre-employment. I want take an even further look into the performance appraisal and how large businesses like Audi deals with behavioural observation scale and behaviourally anchored rating scales, and why Trait-based system, which rely on factors such as integrity and conscientiousness, should not be used by businesses. Relationship to Career Development Plans(20 marks) (In this section, you should provide a 200 word description of how the experience will fit with your long term career plans. What transferable skills will be acquired? What aspects of the experience will be most valuable?) My final goal is to become a CFO at one of the major Companies or Banks in the world. However in case to do so I believe that I must complete a Master Degree in Economics than I need another two years of quality experience in the Financial area fallowing that I will take my PhD and by the time I am 24 years old I will have all the necessary skills that a CFO position is require. This placement will be the first big step to my goal and it will give me the chance to face with the real challenges that the financial world really is all about. Also by presenting a very high quality work I could get sponsorship for the rest of my educational carrier and I would have the necessary connections to progress as fast as I can. At Audi I will have the opportunity to work with those professionals who are changing the world by taking care of one of the biggest company in the world. I will hopefully learn all those skills that made them become who they are right now so I will be able to think the sa me way they do and achieve similar goals. References(10 marks) (This section is related to the â€Å"outline of relevant HR related literature† section above. Students should provide a minimum of 5 references to support the arguments being made in the earlier section. These 5 references should come from textbooks or journal articles. Magazine articles and websites are not included in the minimum 10 references. Please ensure the references are correctly formatted as per QMU Write and Cite guide (weblink: http://www.qmu.ac.uk/Lb/information/Guides/harvard_ref_guide.pdf). (Note: In relation to journal articles, these are most easily identifiable as in over 90% of cases they have the word â€Å"journal† in the title. Journal articles found on the Emerald, EBSCO and Ingenta databases or on the shelves of the library and should be referenced as journal articles, not web references.)